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Independent analysis using official government datasets, satellite signals and national property registers. Request any study to receive the full PDF at your work email within one business day.
Regulatory exposure and compliance gap analysis. Written for lenders, asset managers, debt advisors and acquisition teams.
From 2030, NYC's largest buildings face carbon fines with no ceiling: $268 per tonne over the limit, recurring every year. For a lender that is impaired collateral. For an acquisition team it is an undisclosed liability. For a fund manager it is NOI erosion that income valuations do not capture.
From 2030, any UK commercial building below EPC C cannot be let. No rental income, no debt service, void carrying costs until retrofit is complete. This study quantifies the compliance gap using the official UK non-domestic EPC register and reveals the problem is not where most people expect it.
France's 2030 DPE compliance gap is more than twice the size of the UK's. From 2028, buildings below DPE F cannot be let. Pan-European investors with French exposure should not assume French risk is comparable to UK MEES risk. Also available in French.
Regulatory fines have a deadline and a compliance pathway. Physical climate risk destroys the building. This study ranks all 3,232 US counties by absolute dollar exposure across 18 FEMA hazard categories including tornado, wildfire, hurricane and earthquake.
Every major Dutch commercial development zone is within 25km of a Natura 2000 protected area. Since the 2019 Supreme Court ruling, any project that increases nitrogen deposition near protected habitats can be blocked. For developers and lenders, the constraint is national, not exceptional.
46.3% of Irish properties fall below BER C, comparable to France and more than twice the UK rate. 23.2% are below BER E. Ireland uses BER (Building Energy Rating), not EPC, but faces the same 2030 EPBD minimum. Analysis of 300,000 certificates and 735,000 property transactions.
One in three UK commercial buildings will fail MEES 2030. Industrial is the most exposed category at 65%. This study quantifies the retrofit cost range and brown discount already embedded in the non-compliant stock — for lenders, asset managers and acquisition teams.
Which UK cities carry the highest concentration of ground-level constraints? Six signals across nine commercial zones: historic landfill, flood zones, coal mining legacy, made ground, PFAS proximity and SSSI. London leads on flood risk, Leeds on coal measures legacy.
Every Dutch commercial core sits within 1km of a Natura 2000 protected area, making nitrogen assessment effectively universal. Rotterdam leads on PFAS proximity from the Chemours complex. The Hague and Amsterdam Zuidas show peat subsoil.
The first systematic assessment of undisclosed ground risk in East African commercial property. Radon, PFAS contamination proximity, aquifer failure risk and soil conditions screened across 12 commercial zones in Nairobi, Kampala, Dar es Salaam, Addis Ababa and Accra. None of these risks are currently disclosed, tested or priced into transactions.
A comparative analysis of EPC compliance gaps in the UK, Netherlands and France using official national energy performance registers. For pan-European investors who need to understand where EPBD 2030 exposure concentrates and which market carries the largest gap.
